![]() The feudal system’s consequence was the creation of localised groups of communities that owed loyalty to a specific lord who exercised absolute authority in his domain. However, this led to general disorder and endemic conflict as there was no strong legal tradition to prevent the lords from declaring war on each other. Feudalism was always an arrangement between individuals, not between nation-states and citizens. The nobles, in turn, shared power with nobles lower in the hierarchy. The king was obliged to share power with his nobles. A fief virtually constituted an independent kingdom inside a kingdom.įeudalism encouraged the decentralisation of authority. The relief served as monetary recognition of the lord’s continuing rights over the property. Fiefs became hereditary by the middle of the 10th century, meaning that the eldest son of the deceased vassal could inherit the fief after paying homage, swearing allegiance to the nobleman and paying a relief for the land. The lords still had ultimate ownership over the fiefs and could recover it in case of disloyalty or death of the vassal. However, the granting of lands to a vassal did not relinquish the lord’s rights over his property. These fees were often revenue-generating lands or anything else of value, such as tax farms, offices, or trade rights. These were heritable property or rights granted by a feudal lord or king to his vassal, who held it as a fee in return for a form of allegiance and service. The vassals received lands and protection (sometimes in the form of legal support) from their superior, if and when required.įiefs were the central element of feudalism. ![]() These nobles then further apportioned parts of their fiefs to knights or to more minor nobles, who in turn performed military duties and swore allegiance to the lords. So if the kingdom were threatened or new territories were to be conquered, the nobles were obliged to provide troops and fight alongside their king. In return for the land, the nobles swore their loyalty to the king and promised to perform various duties like financial support, counsel, and military services. The king assigned parcels of lands (known as fiefs) to his nobles. The obligations often included military services. The condition of the serfs was a bit better than the slaves.Īnother essential feature of feudalism was vassalage, in which a person (the vassal) had a mutual obligation to an immediate superior like a lord or king. Around ninety per cent of the population were serfs. At the lowest strata of the feudal system were the peasants and farmers, also known as serfs. The accolade involved the king or lord touching his vassal on the shoulders with a sword to confer knighthood. Symbols and ceremonies such as the accolade confirmed their status as knights. ![]() They represented an elite caste of warriors that fought on behalf of their feudal lords. The knights were the backbone of the medieval European armies. Below him were the nobles, also known as lords, followed by the knights. The feudal system’s main feature was its pyramidal or hierarchical structure, with the king at the topmost level of the hierarchy. Feudalism emerged as a result of the decentralisation of empires, especially the Carolingian empire.įeudalism was characterised by the absence of a public authority and the exercise of judicial and administrative functions by lords. Feudalism, also known as feudality or feudal system, was a political, economic and social system that flourished in medieval Europe during the Middle Ages between the 9th and 15th centuries.
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The name Roots English gives a good indication that the project seeks to get to the “roots” of the English language. I therefore say that my name for the language-I the one which I will use from now on when writing here, and might already be obvious-should be “Roots English”. ![]() It is no use to say that all existing names are bad but fail to put one forward myself, for it would simply leave the situation worse than I found it. So rejecting these names I must at last propose my own. Full marks for standing out, but none for understanding. “Ednew English” truly makes me interested in what it might be, but doesn’t allow me to know until I’ve sought through the wordbook and found what exactly “ednew” means. The language would do well to disown any notions of that from the start, and so the name is a complete non–starter. It promotes the idea that the language is only for some hypothetical set of people with specific physical characteristics or descent. “Blue–eyed English” is an even worse name, with awful connotations of racism and discrimination. To have the name contradicting the goal is a bad move, especially as it promotes the kind of deadend thinking mentioned above. But if you believe-as I do-that the goal of the project is not the increase the “Saxon” or Germanic elements in English, the the description is dead wrong. “Saxonized English” tells us that the language is a “more Saxon” kind of English, which may well be true to some extent, and is probably the best overall name. The next names do exactly this, but all give the wrong message in their own way. Whatever name is given to the language it should more clearly state that it is a kind of English, and then add a simple descriptor to show what kind. It’s near enough to “English” that many might recognize it as the name for language somehow connected to English, but in what way? The name doesn’t allow a person to go any further, and so is a dead end when used to sell or explain the language. Yet further to this, the name “Anglish” is poor for explaining what the language actually is. ![]() To name a project which you earnestly believe after a joke is not a good beginning. I do not know why it became the most used name, but the first objection against it is probably the best: Jennings had no serious interest in the project and his article was only a joke. ![]() The name “Anglish” was coined by Paul Jennings in a humorous article intended to portray what the English tongue would have been like had the Normans not succeeded in their invasion. Any name we choose must both sell the language to others while at the same time explaining something of its nature. But as I have already mentioned, I do not feel that this is the most fitting name, and I further believe that other existing names are also poor. Up til now I have called this language project “Anglish” as that is the most written and understood name. ![]() Speed up the review, grading, and commenting processes and allows for real-time review of work. 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